Will We Lose Cassini’s “New” Mission at Saturn to Budget Cuts?

Update, August 2014.  NASA has now committed to fully funding the Cassini mission to it's planned end in 2017.

NASA’s shrinking budgets for planetary exploration may force it to decide between continued funding for the Saturn Cassini mission and the continued funding for its Mars missions.  Mars would seem to be the likely winner.  If so, we would lose a dramatic ending to the Cassini mission that would be essentially an entirely new mission to Saturn.  The ring and cloud-top grazing final orbits would produce entirely new science and would be as rich as the Juno mission to Jupiter.

Note: I've corrected this post to reflect Cassini extended mission costs of $60-65M per year instead of the $50-55M in the original post.

Comparison the possible end-of-mission orbits for Cassini and the orbits for Juno.  By dipping close the rings and atmosphere, Cassini can make highly detailed measurements of the rings, atmosphere, and Saturn's interior.  The Juno mission en route to Jupiter will provide similar measurements for Jupiter's atmosphere and interior.  Source: NASA's Outer Planets Assessment Group (OPAG).

Operating planetary missions is an expensive proposition.  This year, NASA will spend something like $215M or ~18% of is planetary science budget operating its fleet planetary spacecraft that have already launched.  (These numbers are approximate because NASA doesn’t separate out the costs of operating the Cassini and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter missions.)

The initial costs of operating a mission during its early phases, what is known as the prime mission, are included in the funding budgeted specifically for the mission.  Once a spacecraft continues operating past its prime mission (most do), it enters what is known as an extended mission.    NASA budgets money to operate extended missions.  The amount planned for the next several years is fixed and doesn’t go up with the number of extended missions.  As a result, there’s a process known as the  Senior Review that judges which missions should continue to be funded and at what levels to divvy up the pie. 

For the past several months, NASA has been warning the planetary community that there will be insufficient funds to operate its all extended missions at their current levels.

The Senior Review encourages mission teams to both be clear on what new science is enabled and to find ways to continue to operate on smaller budgets than were used for operations in the prime mission.  It’s not unusual for the science return in an extended mission to equal or exceed that of the preceding prime mission. 

In general, mission teams use three key justifications for funding extended missions:

• In the prime mission, it’s not unusual for new discoveries (e.g., the plumes of Enceladus) to be made, but scientists aren’t sure what they mean or what processes drive them.  Those discoveries become the subject of follow up observations (e.g., multiple passes through the plumes to conduct a variety of targeted measurements) that greatly deepen our understanding.
• Many processes simply require a long period of time to observe.  For example, the Mars Reconnaissance Obiter has imaged and re-imaged many seemingly blank spots on the surface of Mars.  At some of those spots, small meteor strikes revealed ice lying just below the surface.  The ice later sublimated away; only repeat imaging revealed the ice during the brief time it was visible.
• An extended mission may allow the spacecraft to move to a new location for entirely new observations.  The extended mission of the Opportunity rover has allowed it to essentially become a “new” mission at least twice by arriving at locations that were considerably different than those visited in the prime mission.  In another example, the lunar GRAIL orbiters used their extended mission to map the moon’s gravity field from a much lower (and riskier) orbit than the orbits of the prime mission, resulting in higher resolution maps.

The budget problem for NASA is that the demand for extended mission funding will jump in FY15 when Curiosity begins its extended mission.  At best, NASA’s budget for extended missions will be flat (news accounts quoting NASA managers) or be cut by eliminating funding for Cassini mission operations.  (The latter is suggested by NASA’s budget documents which show the budget that funds Cassini dropping to levels that don’t support the extended mission.)

Demand up, budget flat or down, something may have to go.

The Senior Review will look across all missions and could recommend funding Cassini instead of one or more Mars missions.  However, that seems unlikely to me.  The Curiosity mission is just beginning what is likely to be a decade of exploration.  The Mars Reconnaissance orbiter is required to help select landing sites and travel routes for the planned 2020 Mars rover as well as relay data from the rovers.  The Mars Odyssey  orbiter is an essential data relay for currently operating rovers.  And who would suggest turning off the venerable Opportunity rover?  (Neither of the last options provides much in the way of savings anyway; they are lean, mean extended missions.)

Cassini has had a long run at Saturn, having entered orbit in 2004 and been operated as an extended mission after the first four years.  Between the end of its current extended mission in late 2014 and the time the spacecraft is expected to run out of fuel in 2017, the spacecraft could continue to follow up on past discoveries (for example, with three final Enceladus flybys).  It also would continue to look for seasonal changes at Titan and Saturn. 

However, in its last year of possible operation before its fuel is exhausted (November 2016 to September 2017), Cassini could become an entirely new mission. 

Up until November 2016, Cassini will have stayed well away from Saturn’s rings (except during orbit insertion in 2004) because the risk of catastrophic collision with an ice particle or boulder would be too high.  With the fuel almost exhausted, though, Cassini’s managers want to bring it in close to the rings and Saturn itself.  Twenty orbits would carry the spacecraft just outside the rings for close up observations of their structure and mass.  (The latter measurements, for example, would help scientists determine how old the rings are.)

Following these orbits, the spacecraft would slip into the gap between the inner most ring and the top of Saturn’s atmosphere.  From these 22 close-in orbits, the Cassini mission would essentially replicate the measurements that will be made at the same time by the Juno mission to Jupiter:  detailed measurements of the interior of Saturn and of its atmosphere.  As a bonus, scientists can make more detailed measurements of the rings.  And for all of us who vicariously explore the solar system through these missions, think of how beautiful the images would be looking out at the rings and Saturn from just above the clouds. 

At the end of the mission, its fuel gone, Cassini would enter and burn up in Saturn’s atmosphere, an end that would prevent it from accidently impacting and contaminating Enceladus or Titan with micro-organisms from Earth.

All of the science in this end-of-mission scheme would be new, never done before science because extending the mission would allow Cassini to go to somewhere new.   NASA thought that these measurements were so valuable at Jupiter that they funded and are flying the ~$1B Juno mission, which will do similar science there. 

At one time, funding for Cassini’s full extended mission to the end of 2017 had been approved.  Then NASA’s planetary budget was cut and now the mission has to seek approval again to continue operating.

I suspect that the Cassini team is scrubbing its budgets to look for ways to reduce costs and still enable the close up orbits at the end of the mission.  That team has stated before, though, at a large portion of the budget goes to simply operating the spacecraft safely.  Cuts would have to come from reducing science operations.  (I don’t know if the orbital ballet enabling the close-in orbits would allow them to be done earlier to shorten the length of the extended mission.)

However, the real  solution is for NASA to receive more funding so that it doesn’t have to make choices that turn off a highly productive mission to save 4% of its planetary science budget.

If you would like to see Cassini make those final orbits, skimming the rings and Saturn’s atmosphere, I encourage you to join the Planetary Society’s campaign to have NASA’s budgeting program receive more funding.

Appendix: Budgets for extended missions

For those who like to see the numbers, I’ve gone through NASA’s Fiscal Year 2014 budget proposal to pull out the planned budget for extended missions and the budget for Curiosity’s last year of funding in its prime mission.

The budget doesn’t break out funding for the Cassini or Lunar Reconnaissance orbiter.  Public accounts have put the Cassini extended mission operations at $60M to $65M a year.  The MESSENGER orbiter at Mercury is expected to run out of fuel before the start of FY15, and will not be needing funds beyond FY14.

All extended missions currently are funded through the end of FY14.  The crunch begins in FY15 when the budget numbers show a funding cut and Curiosity needs new funding to begin its extended mission.

	FY14	FY15
Cassini	$50.0		Saturn
Curiosity	47.1*		Mars
Mars extended missions		$82.3	Mars
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter	$30.5		Mars
Opportunity	$14.7		Mars
Mars Odyssey	$12.8		Mars
Messenger	$4.9		Mercury
Mars Express	$2.2		Mars
Lunar Reconnaisance Orbiter	?	?	Moon
Extended Missions	$115.1	$82.3
	* Prime mission funding

Funding identified in NASA FY14 budget proposal for extended missions

While NASA’s budget documents don’t show spending categories within the Outer Planets budget category, the chart below shows sharp cuts to this account.  By FY16, funding is too low to support the Cassini mission (and may represent NASA’s contribution to Europe’s JUICE Jupiter/Ganymede mission).   There may be some funding for Cassini in FY15.  Proposed budgets following FY16 show approximately flat funding.

	FY13	FY14	FY15	FY16
Outer Planets	$147.80	$79.00	$45.60	$24.40